
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity          & 0.267$^{***}$ & 0.282$^{***}$ & 0.035         & 0.043\\   
                              & (0.048)       & (0.057)       & (0.024)       & (0.026)\\   
   Population                 &               & -0.040        &               & -0.021$^{*}$\\   
                              &               & (0.048)       &               & (0.012)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.170$^{***}$ & 0.166$^{***}$ & 0.027         & 0.034$^{*}$\\   
                               & (0.036)       & (0.040)       & (0.017)       & (0.019)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.007         &               & -0.010\\   
                               &               & (0.025)       &               & (0.009)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.333$^{***}$ & 0.333$^{***}$ & 0.054         & 0.059\\   
                                         & (0.082)       & (0.084)       & (0.039)       & (0.040)\\   
   Population                            &               & -0.001        &               & -0.017\\   
                                         &               & (0.044)       &               & (0.015)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 88            & 103; 215      & 88            & 103; 215\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.511$^{***}$ & 0.496$^{***}$ &  & -0.270$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.055)       & (0.059)       &  & (0.057)        \\
   Predicted population        &               & 0.023         &  & 0.671$^{***}$  \\
                               &               & (0.025)       &  & (0.061)        \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 209,943       & 209,943       & 209,943       & 209,943\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


